A device for magnetic-field angle control in magneto-optical filters using a solenoid-permanent magnet pair.

Atomic bandpass filters are used in a variety of applications due to their narrow bandwidths and high transmission at specific frequencies. Predominantly, these filters are in the Faraday (Voigt) geometry, using an applied axial (transverse) magnetic field with respect to the laser propagation direction. Recently, there has been interest in filters realized with arbitrary-angle magnetic fields, which have been made by rotating permanent magnets with respect to the k-vector of the interrogating laser beam. However, the magnetic field angle achievable with this method is limited as field uniformity across the cell decreases as the rotation angle increases. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a new method of generating an arbitrary-angle magnetic field, using a solenoid to produce a small, and easily alterable, axial field, in conjunction with fixed permanent magnets to produce a large transverse field. We directly measure the fields produced by both methods, finding them to be very similar over the length of the vapor cell. We then compare the transmission profiles of filters produced using both methods, again finding excellent agreement. Finally, we demonstrate the sensitivity of the filter profile to changing magnetic field angle (solenoid current), which becomes easier to exploit with the much improved angle control and precision offered by our new design.

A randomized controlled pilot trial of brief online mindfulness training in young drivers.

OBJECTIVE: Driver distraction contributes to fatal and injury crashes in young drivers. Mind wandering (MW) is a covert form of distraction involving task-unrelated thoughts. Brief online mindfulness training (MT) may reduce unsafe driving by enhancing recognition (meta-awareness) of MW and reducing its occurrence. This pilot trial tested these proposed mechanisms of MT and explored its specificity of action, effects on driving behaviour in simulation, as well as intervention adherence and acceptability in young drivers. METHODS: A pre-post (T1, T2), randomized, active placebo-controlled, double-blinded design was used. Twenty-six drivers, aged 21-25, received either brief online MT (experimental) or progressive muscle relaxation (PMR, control) over 4-6 days. A custom website blindly conducted randomization, delivered interventions, administered questionnaires, and tracked adherence. At T1 and T2, a simulator measured driving behaviour while participants indicated MW whenever they recognized it, to assess meta-awareness, and when prompted by a thought-probe, to assess overall MW. RESULTS: MT reduced MW while driving in simulation. The MT group reported higher state mindfulness following sessions. Motivation did not account for MW or mindfulness results. MT and meta-awareness were associated with more focus-related steering behaviour. Intervention groups did not significantly differ in adherence or attrition. No severe adverse effects were reported, but MT participants reported more difficulty following intervention instructions. CONCLUSION: Results support a plausible mechanism of MT for reducing MW-related crash risk (i.e., reduction of MW) in young drivers. This preliminary evidence, alongside promising online adherence and acceptability results, warrants definitive efficacy and effectiveness trials of online MT.

Examining the predictive potential of depressed mood and alcohol misuse on risky driving.

AIMS: Male driving while impaired (DWI) offenders are at heightened risk for engaging in risky driving. Males in a depressed mood are also more prone to alcohol misuse, which may further contribute to risky driving. This manuscript investigates the predictive potential of combined depressed mood and alcohol misuse on risky driving outcomes 3 and 9 years after baseline in male DWI offenders. METHODS: At baseline, participants completed questionnaires assessing depressed mood (Major Depression scale of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III), alcohol misuse (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), and sensation-seeking (Sensation Seeking Scale-V). Risky driving data (Analyse des comportements routiers; ACR3) were collected at follow-up 3 years after baseline. Driving offence data were obtained for 9 years after baseline. RESULTS: There were 129 participants. As 50.4% of the sample were missing ACR3 scores, multiple imputation was conducted. In the final regression model, R2 = 0.34, F(7,121) = 8.76, P < 0.001, alcohol misuse significantly predicted ACR3, B = 0.56, t = 1.96, P = 0.05. Depressed mood, however, did not significantly predict ACR3 and sensation-seeking was not a significant moderator. Although the regression model predicting risky driving offences at Year 9 was significant R2 = 0.37, F(10,108) = 6.41, P < 0.001, neither depressed mood nor alcohol misuse was a significant predictor. CONCLUSIONS: These findings identify alcohol misuse as a predictor of risky driving 3 years after baseline among male DWI offenders. This enhances our prediction of risky driving, extending beyond the widely researched acute impacts of alcohol by exploring chronic patterns.

Did the cannabis recreational use law affect traffic crash outcomes in Toronto? Building evidence for the adequate number of authorised cannabis stores' thresholds.

INTRODUCTION: In the past decade, a group of studies has begun to explore the association between cannabis recreational use policies and traffic crashes. After these policies are set in place, several factors may affect cannabis consumption, including the number of cannabis stores (NCS) per capita. This study examines the association between the enactment of Canada's Cannabis Act (CCA) (18 October 2018) and the NCS (allowed to function from 1 April 2019) with traffic injuries in Toronto. METHODS: We explored the association of the CCA and the NCS with traffic crashes. We applied two methods: hybrid difference-in-difference (DID) and hybrid-fuzzy DID. We used generalised linear models using CCA and the NCS per capita as the main variables of interest. We adjusted for precipitation, temperature and snow. Information is gathered from Toronto Police Service, Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario, and Environment Canada. The period of analysis was from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2019. RESULTS: Regardless of the outcome, neither the CCA nor the NCS is associated with concomitant changes in the outcomes. In hybrid DID models, the CCA is associated with non-significant decreases of 9% (incidence rate ratio 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.74,1.11) in traffic crashes and in the hybrid-fuzzy DID models, the NCS are associated with nonsignificant decreases of 3% (95% confidence interval - 9%, 4%) in the same outcome. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: This study observes that more research is needed to better understand the short-term effects (April to December 2019) of NCS in Toronto on road safety outcomes.

Birth, Expansion, and Contestation of Alcohol Per Se Laws: A Global Data Set of Policies Regulating Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol.

OBJECTIVE: More than 270,000 people across the world die every year from alcohol-related crashes. Introducing alcohol per se laws (APL) based on a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) threshold of .05% could save at least 16,000 lives annually. Nevertheless, little is known about the evolution of APL adoptions at this BAC threshold. This study organizes the available data to chart the evolution of APLs across 183 countries from 1936 to 2021. METHOD: A review to identify relevant policies involved (a) probing multiple data sources, including legislation archives, international and national reports, and peer-review articles; and (b) an iterative record search and screening by two independent researchers, data collection, and expert consultations. RESULTS: Data for 183 countries were organized and integrated to form a new global data set. A global diffusion process framework describes the evolution of APLs based on the data set. In the first period of analysis (1936-1968), APLs emerged in Nordic countries as well as in England, Australia, and the United States. APLs then spread to other parts of continental Europe and to Canada. By 2021, more than 140 countries had adopted an APL with a BAC threshold of at least .05%. CONCLUSIONS: The present study offers a methodology for tracing alcohol-related policies from a cross-national and historic perspective. Future studies could integrate other variables into this data set to chart the speed of adoption of APLs and to test how changes in APLs correlate with alcohol-related crashes over time between and within jurisdictions.

Multiple Locations of Alcohol Use in the Narratives of the Peruvian Andean Highland and Population with Problem Drinking.

The present qualitative study explores local meanings and modes of interpretation of alcohol use among people with problem drinking in the Peruvian Andean highlands. We conducted individual interviews with 19 people in two districts of Ayacucho region identified as having engaged in problem drinking, using McGill Illness Narrative Interview Schedule. Participants articulated multi-layered associations between alcohol and the body, emotions, social relations, and shared cultural practices and understandings. In the explanatory model of physical distress, participants' problem drinking was often identified as one of the perceived causes or consequences. Moreover, many participants shared their experiences of interpersonal difficulties, such as family disintegration, separation from wife/girlfriend, and conjugal infidelity. These experiences resulted in psychological distress, often described by idioms of distress such as "pensamiento" (constant thinking) and "preocupación" (worrying thought), and the engagement with alcohol. At the same time, alcohol use is situated in participants' daily experience, where past and current interpersonal afflictions intersect with persistent economic hardship and injustice at a larger socio-economic level. Alcohol was seen as instrumental in navigating their social relations as well. Decisions and attitudes toward alcohol use in Ayacucho are shaped in the course of searching for opportunities to build, develop, and maintain interpersonal relationships with friends, colleagues, families, and community members. This study illustrates the importance of understanding the patients' life histories in clinical communication as well as the need for social policies to address the socio-economic determinants of hardship and illness that precipitate alcohol use in the south-central Andean highlands of Peru.

Using fluorescent beads to emulate single fluorophores.

We study the conditions under which fluorescent beads can be used to emulate single fluorescent molecules in the calibration of optical microscopes. Although beads are widely used due to their brightness and easy manipulation, there can be notable differences between the point spread functions (PSFs) they produce and those for single-molecule fluorophores, caused by their different emission patterns and sizes. We study theoretically these differences for various scenarios, e.g., with or without polarization channel splitting, to determine the conditions under which the use of beads as a model for single molecules is valid. We also propose methods to model the blurring due to the size difference and compensate for it to produce PSFs that are more similar to those for single molecules.

Negative mood mind wandering and unsafe driving in young male drivers.

OBJECTIVE: Road traffic crash fatalities disproportionately affect young male drivers. Driver distraction is a leading contributor to crashes. Mind wandering (MW) is a prevalent form of driver distraction that is linked to certain unsafe driving behaviours that are associated with increased crash risk (e.g., faster driving). Negative mood can lead to MW, and thus may represent a causal pathway to MW-related unsafe driving. This preliminary pre-post (T1, T2), randomized, controlled, single-blinded experiment tested whether negative mood, compared to neutral mood, increases MW while driving as well as unsafe driving and emotional arousal during MW. It also tested the moderating contribution of trait rumination and inhibitory control to this proposed causal pathway. METHODS: Forty healthy male drivers aged 20 to 24 were randomly allocated to a negative or neutral mood manipulation involving deception. Individual differences in trait rumination and inhibitory control were measured at T1. At T1 and T2, participants drove in a driving simulator measuring driving speed, headway distance, steering behaviour, and overtaking. Heart rate and thought probes during simulation measured emotional arousal and MW, respectively. RESULTS: Negative mood exposure led to more MW while driving (Odds Ratio = 1.79, p = .022). Trait rumination positively moderated the relationship between negative mood and MW (Odds Ratio = 2.11, p = .002). Negative versus neutral mood exposure led to increases in headway variability (Cohen's d = 1.46, p = .026) and steering reversals (Rate Ratio = 1.33, p = .032) during MW relative to focused driving. Between-group differences in emotional arousal were not significant. CONCLUSION: Results support a causal pathway from negative mood to unsafe driving via MW, including the moderating contribution of trait rumination. If replicated, these preliminary findings may inform the development of interventions targeting this potential crash-risk pathway in vulnerable young driver subgroups.

Recidivism prevention for impaired driving: Longitudinal 5-year outcomes from Quebec's severity-based intervention assignment program.

INTRODUCTION: Driving while impaired by alcohol (DWI) is a persistent problem. Tailoring intervention modality to client risk and needs (i.e., risk/needs) is posited to both reduce recidivism more efficiently than uniform approaches and circumvent overtreatment or undertreatment. DWI drivers in Quebec must participate in a severity-based intervention assignment program to be relicensed, but like most tailoring programs it has yet to undergo systematic scrutiny. The current longitudinal cohort study tests two main hypotheses underpinning this approach: 1) drivers classified at higher recidivism risk based on their arrest characteristics (DWIR) show poorer outcomes over up to 5-years postassessment compared to drivers classified at lower risk (DWIF); and 2) for both DWIR and DWIF groups, assignment of drivers with greater risk/needs to intensive intervention (II) will be advantageous for reducing recidivism risk compared to assignment into brief intervention (BI) for those with lower risk/needs. METHODS: Drivers who entered the program from 2012 to 2016 were followed to the end of 2018 (N = 37,612). Survival analysis examined the predictive validity of the initial classification into DWIR or DWIF groups for documented recidivism over a follow-up of up to 5 years. Logistic regression discontinuity evaluated the relative outcomes of drivers who were assigned to either BI or II. The study explored interaction effects between classification and intervention assignment with age and sex. RESULTS: In line with the hypothesis, the average hazard of recidivism was 58 % greater in DWIR drivers compared to DWIF drivers. In both DWIF and DWIR drivers, assignment of drivers with greater risk/needs to II was associated with reduced recidivism compared to assignment of drivers with lower risk/needs to BI, with 57 % and 35 % decreased probability of recidivism, respectively. Younger age was more strongly associated with recidivism risk in DWIF drivers than in DWIR drivers. CONCLUSIONS: The current study found that Quebec's severity-based intervention assignment approach accurately identifies DWI drivers who: i) by their arrest characteristics pose a greater risk for recidivism, which may require expeditious exposure to preventative countermeasures; and ii) as a function of their greater risk/needs, benefit from assignment to more intensive intervention to mitigate their recidivism risk.

Pixel MTF response effect on non-null interferometry.

The pixel modulation transfer function response degrades the contrast of non-null interferometric surface figure measurements. We experimentally quantify this effect for spatial frequencies ranging from 0 to 363 lp/mm (≈3.33 times the Nyquist limit). Our results show a low SNR spatial frequency band that behaves like a low-pass filter for sub-Nyquist interferometry and a stop-band filter for multiple-wavelength phase-shifting interferometry. We also introduce a multiple-mode, multiple-wavelength interferometry approach to measure optical surfaces with slope departure angles mapping to spatial frequencies in this low SNR band. The extended measurement range of this approach is achieved without using a sparse-array detector.

Control, power, and responsibility: a qualitative study of local perspectives on problem drinking in Peruvian Andean highlands.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol control has emerged as an important global health challenge due to the expanding influence of alcohol companies and limited control measures imposed by governments. In the Peruvian Andean highland, the ritual function of collective drinking is reported to have been weakened in response to the increased availability of alcohol and the experience of political violence. This study seeks to merge the broader political economy with local experience and culture to provide a deeper understanding of the dynamic between global processes and local realities. METHODS: We used purposive sampling to recruit participants. We conducted in-depth interviews (n = 28) and focus group discussions (n = 19) with community participants, teachers, health workers, alcohol vendors and police officers. Thematic analysis identified patterns of individual and collective meaning situated in relation to social, political and economic factors. RESULTS: Local perspectives and behaviour regarding loss of control over alcohol are shaped through the complex patterns of power and meaning exerted and experienced by different actors. Participants' emphasis on parents' lack of control over alcohol use by "abandoned" children reflects the structural vulnerability of some Andean families struggling with economic hardships. Participants also emphasized how alcohol consumption was tied to forms of control exerted by men in households. Participants expressed that some men demonstrated their masculine identity and symbolic power as the breadwinner through spending on alcohol. The third emphasis was tied to the market economy. Participants expressed that the expansion of the alcohol market and perceived absence of government control coupled with macroeconomic conditions, like poverty, shaped patterns of alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION: Our findings illustrate how problem drinking is shaped not simply by an individual drinker's lack of self-control but also by a regulatory environment that enables the unrestrained marketing of alcohol products and the creation of a culture of consumption. Harmful consumption is mediated by the reshaping of the Andean cultural practice of collective drinking. Attending to local perspectives is essential for policies and interventions that connect structural dynamics with the cultural and experiential aspects of alcohol consumption.

Birefringent Fourier filtering for single molecule coordinate and height super-resolution imaging with dithering and orientation.

Super-resolution imaging based on single molecule localization allows accessing nanometric-scale information in biological samples with high precision. However, complete measurements including molecule orientation are still challenging. Orientation is intrinsically coupled to position in microscopy imaging, and molecular wobbling during the image integration time can bias orientation measurements. Providing 3D molecular orientation and orientational fluctuations would offer new ways to assess the degree of alignment of protein structures, which cannot be monitored by pure localization. Here we demonstrate that by adding polarization control to phase control in the Fourier plane of the imaging path, all parameters can be determined unambiguously from single molecules: 3D spatial position, 3D orientation and wobbling or dithering angle. The method, applied to fluorescent labels attached to single actin filaments, provides precisions within tens of nanometers in position and few degrees in orientation.

Theoretical analysis of quantum random walks with stress-engineered optics.

Quantum random walks (QRWs) are random processes in which the resulting probability density of the "walker" state, whose movement is governed by a "coin" state, is described in a nonclassical manner. Previously, Q-plates have been used to demonstrate QRWs with polarization and orbital angular momentum playing the roles of coin and walker states, respectively. In this theoretical analysis, we show how stress-engineered optics can be used to develop new platforms for complex QRWs through relatively simple optical elements. Our work opens up new paths to speed up classical-to-quantum transitions in robust photonic networks.

The effects of alcohol dose, exposure to an in-vehicle alcohol feedback device, and subjective responses to alcohol on the decision to drink-drive in young drivers.

BACKGROUND: Several factors may influence the decision to drink-drive (DD) in young drivers, such as the amount of alcohol consumed, exposure to an in-vehicle alcohol feedback device, and subjective responses to alcohol. Understanding of their influence on DD is lacking and may be key for targeted intervention. This randomized controlled, double-blinded, driving simulation experiment tested three main hypotheses; young drivers are more likely to engage in DD with: i) lower alcohol dose; ii) lack of exposure to an in-vehicle alcohol feedback (FB) device; and iii) lower subjective responses to alcohol intoxication (SR). Interactions between the decision to DD and SR, FB and sex were also explored. METHODS: Males (n = 80) and females (n = 80) aged 20-24 years old were randomly assigned to two conditions: i) alcohol dose (0.45 g/kg or 0.65 g/kg); and ii) exposure to an in-vehicle alcohol feedback device (no or yes). Assessment of participants' SR following alcohol intake was based upon two measures: i) subjective intoxication measured by the discrepancy between an objective measure of intoxication and their subjective estimate of intoxication; and ii) perception of capacity to drive safely under alcohol (for both variables, a higher score represents lower SR). Participants were then asked to make either a negative or positive decision to DD while confronted with time-based contingencies related to their decision. Logistic regression and moderation analyses tested hypotheses. RESULTS: Approximately 60 % of participants decided to DD. Higher odds of DD were found in participants reporting higher capacity to drive (adjusted odds ratio [ß] = 1.03, 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-1.05) and who were males (ß  = 7.70; 95 % CI = 1.34-5.57). A main effect of either FB exposure or alcohol dose was not detected. Moderation analysis showed that lower SR, represented by higher perceived capacity to drive safely under alcohol was selectively predictive of greater likelihood of a decision to DD in participants not exposed to FB (effect = .054, p < .001, 95 % CI = .026-.083). CONCLUSIONS: Lower SR was found to be associated with a greater likelihood of the decision to DD in young drivers, while exposure to an in-vehicle FB device had no effect on DD. Importantly, FB exposure appeared to disrupt the relationship between lower SR and the decision to DD, signaling that FB may be selectively effective for young drivers possessing lower SR. Future studies are needed to clarify whether FB technology, and other interventions, can be targeted to deter DD in the young drivers most likely to benefit.

Cortisol stress response predicts 9-year risky driving convictions in male first-time driving-while-impaired offenders.

BACKGROUND: With driving while impaired by alcohol (DWI) representing a persistent burden on global health, better understanding and prevention of recidivism following a first-time DWI conviction are needed. Progress towards these goals is challenged by the marked heterogeneity in offender characteristics and a traffic safety literature that relies on subjective self-report measures and cross-sectional study designs. The present study tested the hypothesis that an objective neurobiological marker of behavioural maladjustment, the cortisol stress response (CSR), predicts future DWI and other traffic convictions over a 9-year follow-up period. METHODS: One hundred thirty-two male first-time DWI offenders and 31 non-offender comparators were recruited and assessed at intake for their substance use, psychosocial and psychological characteristics and CSR. Traffic conviction data were obtained from provincial driving records. Survival analysis estimated the association between CSR and risk of a traffic conviction over time. RESULTS: In support of our hypothesis, blunted CSR predicted traffic convictions during the follow-up duration. This effect generalized to both DWI offenders and non-DWI drivers. While CSR was lower in DWI offenders compared to non-offenders, it did not specifically predict recidivism in DWI offenders. Modelling results indicated that blunted CSR, along with DWI offender group membership, experience seeking and drug use frequency, may demarcate a high-risk driver phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: CSR is a neurobiological marker of a driver phenotype with elevated generalized driving risk. For drivers with characteristics consistent with this phenotype, expanding the focus of intervention to address multiple forms of risky driving may be necessary to curb their overall threat to traffic safety.

Polarization singularities in a stress-engineered optic: erratum.

This erratum gives corrections for the errors in a previously published paper [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A36, 312 (2019)JOAOD60740-323210.1364/JOSAA.36.000312].

Simultaneous Measurement of Multiple Parameters of a Subwavelength Structure Based on the Weak Value Formalism.

A mathematical extension of the weak value formalism to the simultaneous measurement of multiple parameters is presented in the context of an optical focused vector beam scatterometry experiment. In this example, preselection and postselection are achieved via spatially varying polarization control, which can be tailored to optimize the sensitivity to parameter variations. Initial experiments for the two-parameter case demonstrate that this method can be used to measure physical parameters with resolutions at least 1000 times smaller than the wavelength of illumination.

Polarization singularities in a stress-engineered optic.

We develop a simplified version of a recently presented model to simulate the oblique propagation of polarized light through a thick birefringent element known as a stress-engineered optic (SEO). We use this model to analyze the formation and evolution of three polarization singularities, stars, lemons, and monstars, and experimentally verify the theoretical predictions. We also show how an SEO can be used to generate statistically rare monstar singularities.

Cumulative mild partial sleep deprivation negatively impacts working memory capacity but not sustained attention, response inhibition, or decision making: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Twenty-eight per cent (28%) of adults sleep at least 1 hour less than they consider optimal, yet the effects of such cumulative mild partial sleep deprivation on cognitive functions are unknown. The objective of this study was to examine how cumulative mild partial sleep deprivation over 6 nights can impact working memory, sustained attention, response inhibition, and decision making. METHODS: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study was conducted to determine the impact of sleep restriction (elimination of 1 hour of sleep relative to the baseline habitual sleep duration) vs placebo (exposure to a lamp with no known therapeutic effect) on cognitive performance. The primary outcomes were performance on tasks that measure working memory, sustained attention, response inhibition, and decision making. The participants consisted of 93 adults (mean age 24.3 years, SD 4.7; 46 men, 47 women) with no reported sleep problem, behavioral issue, or medical issue. RESULTS: Performance on the working memory capacity task improved between the baseline and experimental sessions for the placebo group but not the sleep-restriction group. Performance on tasks measuring sustained attention, response inhibition, and decision making did not change under either experimental condition. CONCLUSION: Cumulative partial sleep deprivation negatively affects performance on a test of working memory capacity but does not affect performance on tests of sustained attention, response inhibition, or decision making.

The Role of Behavioral Phenotypes on Impaired Driving Recidivism Risk and Treatment Response to Brief Intervention: A Preliminary Study.

BACKGROUND: Heterogeneity in the driving while impaired (DWI) offender population and modest outcomes from remedial programs are fueling interest in clarifying clinically significant DWI subtypes to better assess recidivism risk and target interventions. Our previous research identified 2 putative behavior phenotypes of DWI offenders with distinct behavioral, personality, cognitive, and neurobiological profiles: (i) offenders primarily engaging in DWI (pDWI); and (ii) offenders engaging in DWI and other traffic violations (MIXED). Here, we evaluate these phenotypes' clinical significance for prediction of recidivism and intervention targeting. METHODS: DWI recidivists participating in a previous randomized controlled trial (N = 184 comparing brief motivational interviewing (BMI) and an information and advice control condition (IA) were retrospectively classified as either pDWI (n = 97) or MIXED (n = 87). Secondary analyses then evaluated the effect of this phenotypic classification on self-reported 6- and 12-month alcohol misuse outcomes and documented 5-year DWI recidivism violations, and in response to either BMI or IA (i.e., pDWI-BMI, n = 46; MIXED-BMI, n = 45; pDWI-IA, n = 51; MIXED-IA, n = 42). Two hypotheses were tested: (i) MIXED classification is associated with poorer alcohol misuse outcomes and recidivism outcomes than pDWI classification; and (ii) pDWI paired with BMI is associated with better outcomes compared to MIXED paired with BMI. RESULTS: MIXED classification was associated with significantly greater risk of recidivism over the 5-year follow-up compared to pDWI classification. Moreover, the pDWI-BMI pairing was associated with significantly decreased recidivism risk compared to the MIXED-BMI pairing. Analyses of 6- and 12-month alcohol use outcomes produced null findings. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical significance of phenotypic classification for risk assessment and targeting intervention was partially supported with respect to recidivism risk. Prospective investigation of this and other behavioral phenotypes is indicated.